Counterfactual Concepts
- counterfactual
- what would have happened in the absence of a program
- counterfactual estimation
- techniques to estimate a counterfactual that cannot be measured directly
Group Counterfactual
Statistical techniques can be used to compare a treatment group and a comparison group. The comparison group is also called a control group.
If these groups are chosen well, the individual differences will be averaged out. If the following requirements are met, we call this a valid comparison group.
- characteristics identical besides the program
- program should not directly or indirectly affect comparison group
- the outcomes in the comparison group should be the same as the treatment group
Counterfeit estimates of counterfactual
- before and after
- other effects are not controlled for
- enrolled and nonenrolled groups
- groups self-selecting could make outcome more likely
Common Techniques for Counterfactual Estimation
- Random assignment
- Regression discontinuity
- Difference in differences
- Matching or Matched Pairs